In the summer +40°C, in the winter -20°: in the Turkmen desert of Karagum, a fibre optic network has been set up in which industrial Ethernet components from MICROSENS have been used. This example shows that industrial Ethernet is far more than just a factory hall network technology. Ethernet, the only global standard protocol, is being used in an increasing number of application areas.
在夏季+40°C，冬季-20°C的卡拉庫沙漠里的土庫曼，光纖網(wǎng)已開通，這樣MICROSENS的工業(yè)以太網(wǎng)產(chǎn)品也在這一地區(qū)被使用。這個例子表明，工業(yè)以太網(wǎng)遠(yuǎn)不止是辦公自動化。以太網(wǎng)作為全球唯一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的協(xié)議，正在逐漸被運(yùn)用到越來越多的領(lǐng)域。
Industrial Ethernet is not just a buzzword but rather a term for the use of Ethernet components with high reliability in tough conditions. Classical field-bus systems have long been on the way out. On one hand, the Ethernet solutions can be realised considerably more efficiently, and on the other, the merging with corporate networks that use Ethernet anyway is being pushed.
工業(yè)以太網(wǎng)不只是一個口號，而是在惡劣的環(huán)境下以太網(wǎng)組件高可靠性的代名詞。傳統(tǒng)現(xiàn)場總線系統(tǒng)早已過時。一方面，以太網(wǎng)解決方案的實(shí)現(xiàn)更為高效。在另一方面，MICROSENS正在推進(jìn)與其他使用以太網(wǎng)的企業(yè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的合并。
Furthermore, industrial Ethernet is the only global communication standard for the management and control of production processes. Existing proprietary standards tended to serve as protection for manufacturers of communication equipment and to tie the user to the respective company. Among others, this is also a reason why many efforts to establish a uniform industry standard have not been successful. only Ethernet facilitates the combination of components from different manufacturers.
此外，工業(yè)以太網(wǎng)是管理和控制生產(chǎn)流程的全球唯一通訊標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。現(xiàn)有的專有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)往往傾向于保護(hù)通信設(shè)備制造商，并把用戶綁定到所屬公司。另外，這也是下面問題的合理解釋，即人們?yōu)榻⒁粋€統(tǒng)一的行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)付出了艱辛勞動，可最終一無所獲。只有以太網(wǎng)便于來自不同廠家的產(chǎn)品的組合。
Standardised components
Industrial Ethernet incorporates switches, hubs and media converters that are characterised by a special design. Attachment to 35 mm DIN top-hat rails, a power supply with 24 V direct current, an enhanced temperature range for operations and an increased protection class against dust or splash-water are typical of these appliances.
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組成元件
工業(yè)以太網(wǎng)的集成交換機(jī)、集線器和媒體轉(zhuǎn)換器都是特別設(shè)計的。35 mm DIN 頂帽子鐵，24 V直流電源，較大的作業(yè)溫差，增強(qiáng)防塵或防濺水之類的設(shè)備都是它里面的典型應(yīng)用。
Furthermore, some components have special provisions for failure safety. In addition to the connection of redundant power supplies, special power supplies support fault-tolerant ring topologies, meaning that a disruption can be restricted to a maximum of one switch. If a connection line fails, the network can even continue to work entirely on its own. To facilitate rapid reaction times, fault recognition is usually carried out by newly developed mechanisms. Irrespective of this, the user can still resort to standards such as Rapid Spanning Tree.
此外，有些組成元件有專門的針對安全問題的特殊設(shè)備。除了連接冗余電源外，還可以連接支持容錯環(huán)狀拓?fù)涞奶厥怆娫矗纯芍袛嗥渲腥魏我粋€交換機(jī)。如果一條連接線失敗，整個網(wǎng)絡(luò)依然可以繼續(xù)工作。為了方便快速識別錯誤，故障識別通常采用新機(jī)制。除這些外，用戶還可以采取其他途徑，如快速生成樹。
Fibre optic outdoes copper
In the area of industrial networking, an intelligent combination of copper and fibre optic segments has prevailed on the market. On one hand, classical copper cables are used for the cost-effective connection of terminals such as machine controls, industry PCs, signalisation or monitoring systems to the network. On the other hand, fibre optics have established themselves for the connection between the switches, thanks to their favourable transmission features.
光纜超過銅纜
在工業(yè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)領(lǐng)域，銅纜和光纜的智能結(jié)合在市場上已很普遍。一方面，人們使用傳統(tǒng)銅纜是基于連接終端諸如機(jī)器控制，工控機(jī)，信號發(fā)送或監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)等和網(wǎng)絡(luò)的連接成本考慮的。另一方面，由于光纖良好的傳輸特性，這樣交換機(jī)之間的連接更迅速。
When Fast Ethernet or Gigabit Ethernet is used, the same transmission speeds are realised on copper and fibre optic cables. However, the advantages of fibre optic lie in its insensitivity to electro-magnetic disruptive influences, in the greater transmission distances that can be realised and the simple handling for installation and routing.
當(dāng)采用快速以太網(wǎng)或千兆以太網(wǎng)時，銅纜和光纜具有相同的傳輸速度。然而，光纖的優(yōu)勢在于它不受電磁干擾的影響，可進(jìn)行更長距離的傳輸以及它簡易的安裝和路由。
As an established manufacturer of fibre optic technologies, MICROSENS has offered corresponding solutions for the realisation of industrial Ethernet structures for years. With its own patent, an alternative standard protocol was offered for the first time. MICROSENS is also the first supplier of Gigabit Ethernet solutions for industrial Ethernet.
作為光纖技術(shù)建立者之一， MICROSENS多年來一直在為實(shí)現(xiàn)工業(yè)以太網(wǎng)組建提供了相應(yīng)的解決方案。MICROSENS首次提出了一個供選擇的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)協(xié)議，并擁有自己的專利。 MICROSENS也是第一個千兆位工業(yè)以太網(wǎng)解決方案供應(yīng)商。
Going the distance
Currently, a remote monitoring system has been realised for the gas pipeline in Turkmenistan in Central Asia, and the data transmission is done via industrial Ethernet with MICROSENS components. Even if a remote monitoring system is not a typical industrial application, the advantages of industrial Ethernet in particular still come to bear. The enhanced temperature range for operations, robustness, failure safety and the available fibre optic solutions are features that are urgently required here.
發(fā)展空間
目前，在中亞的土庫曼斯坦，遠(yuǎn)程監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)已運(yùn)用到輸氣管監(jiān)控上，數(shù)據(jù)是由MICROSENS的產(chǎn)品組成的工業(yè)以太網(wǎng)傳輸?shù)摹ｋm然遠(yuǎn)程監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)不是工業(yè)以太網(wǎng)的一個典型工業(yè)應(yīng)用，但它的優(yōu)勢性將逐漸顯現(xiàn)出來。諸如耐寒耐熱性，堅固性，安全性和一些可用到的光纖解決方案等特點(diǎn)在這里迫切需要。
The young republic of Turkmenistan is now one of the top five countries in the world for mineral oil and natural gas, after Russia, USA and Canada. The extensive storage and extraction sites in Turkmenistan spread from the north-west of the republic to the coast of the Caspian Sea. Above all, the export hit, natural gas, is a main source of foreign currency income that is required for independence from the former Soviet Union.
年輕的土庫曼斯共和國目前是世界上礦物油和天然氣擁有量最多的五大國之一，僅次于俄羅斯，美國和加拿大。廣泛的存儲地和提取地點(diǎn)遍及土庫曼斯坦共和國西北的里海海岸。總之，天然氣出口的突破是該國脫離蘇聯(lián)必需的外幣收入的主要來源。
Consequently, the government has initialised many international projects for the construction of oil and gas pipelines. These pipelines now extend through Iran into Turkey, and also through Afghanistan to Pakistan and further to China and Japan. As early as 1994, the government signed international agreements for the construction of a gas pipeline through Iran and Turkey to Europe.
因此，政府已啟動了許多建設(shè)石油和天然氣管道的國際工程。這些管道現(xiàn)在可通過伊朗進(jìn)入土耳其，通過阿富汗到達(dá)巴基斯坦，將來也會進(jìn)入中國和日本。早在1994年，該國政府就為建設(shè)通過伊朗和土耳其進(jìn)入歐洲的天然氣管道簽訂了國際協(xié)定。
[Fig.]
Refinery in the desert of Turkmenistan. The components need to be robust and secure against failure for use there.
圖
在土庫曼沙漠中的煉油廠。 要應(yīng)對在這里使用的安全問題，組成元件必須是堅固而且安全的。
Extreme temperatures
In addition to the repair of damaged fibre optic lines, tasks included the installation of a new remote transmission system. In the process, transmission distances from the gas fields of Turkmenistan to neighbouring Iran were achieved. The toughest conditions were in crossing the 400,000 km2 of the Karagum desert that account for around 90 percent of the entire area of Turkmenistan. This consists both of sand and boulder desert landscapes and has a continental climate everywhere, i.e. temperatures of +40°C to -20°C. With high midday temperatures and a cloudless sky, ground temperatures can even reach +70°C. Furthermore, desert storms frequently occur, due to the extreme heat.
極限溫度
除了修復(fù)受損的光纖線路外，任務(wù)還包括安裝一個新的遠(yuǎn)程傳輸系統(tǒng)。通過該過程，可以得到從土庫曼斯坦的氣田到鄰國伊朗的傳輸距離。其中艱苦的是穿過占該國百分之九十（約400000平方公里）的卡拉庫姆沙漠。其中包括沙和大石沙漠地帶，并且具有大陸性氣候，即溫度在+40 ℃至-20 ℃之間 。在正午和晴空，地面溫度甚至可以達(dá)到+70 ℃ 。此外，由于極度高溫，沙漠風(fēng)暴發(fā)生頻繁。
With the remote transmission system, a total of eight pipeline sub-stations with distances of up to 100 km can be served and monitored. The remote transmission system is based on Fast Ethernet industrial switches for the development of fault-tolerant fibre optic rings. The ring topology means that any failures can be absorbed and a network reconfiguration done in less than 100 ms, thus ensuring constant availability of all network participants.
遠(yuǎn)程傳輸系統(tǒng)一共有距離可達(dá)100公里八個管道分站，可以用于服務(wù)和監(jiān)管。遠(yuǎn)程傳輸系統(tǒng)是基于快速以太網(wǎng)工業(yè)交換機(jī)為發(fā)展容錯光纖環(huán)而設(shè)計的。環(huán)狀拓?fù)湟馕吨梢蕴幚砣魏喂收希⒃谏儆?00ms內(nèi)進(jìn)行網(wǎng)絡(luò)重新配置，從而確保所有上網(wǎng)的人不斷網(wǎng)。
The setting up of the fibre optic network was carried out under high strain and partial desert conditions. Nevertheless, it was possible to equip the gas extraction sites with high-availability connections for the remote control and monitoring of extraction systems.
光纖網(wǎng)絡(luò)是在高應(yīng)變和局部沙漠條件下建立的。然而，它可在瓦斯抽放地配置具有高可用性連接的遙控系統(tǒng)和天然氣抽取監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)。
Outlook
In order to be able to implement applications like these in an even more flexible manner in the future, increasing use is being made of modular fibre optic connections in the form of SFP (Small Form-factor Pluggable) ports. Switches thus acquire a particular flexibility.
展望
為了能在將來更加靈活的使用此類應(yīng)用，更多使用SFP（小型可插拔）端口模式的光纖連接。這樣交換機(jī)需有更好的擴(kuò)展性。
10 Port Gigabit Ethernet ring switch with SFP
帶有SFP的10千兆以太網(wǎng)環(huán)狀交換機(jī)
Some manufacturers offer both the Gigabit Ethernet standard (1000base-X) as well as Fast Ethernet (100base FX) for SFP slots. This means that, in addition to the media copper and fibre optic, different transmission speeds can be freely combined with one another at the same time. With the selection of pluggable SFP modules, care needs to be taken that these are also designed for the operating conditions of industrial networks.
一些廠商提供適合SFP插槽的千兆位以太網(wǎng)（100 base FX）和快速以太網(wǎng)（100 base FX）。這意味著，除了媒體銅和光纖，不同的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸速度可以在同一時間自由結(jié)合。除選擇可插拔的SFP模塊，還需注意這些也是為工業(yè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的操作條件特別設(shè)計。
In addition, a current topic is the implementation of Power-over-Ethernet pursuant to IEEE 802.3af. This standard offers the norm-compliant power supply of terminals such as VoIP telephones, wireless access points or IP cameras via the data connection. Firstly, the installation effort is considerably minimised, as no separate lines for the power supply need to be installed. Secondly, redundant design or protection via UPS is substantially simplified.
此外，當(dāng)前流行的是根據(jù)IEEE 802.3af，來實(shí)現(xiàn)以太網(wǎng)供電。這個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提供了規(guī)范兼容電源終端如VoIP電話，無線接入點(diǎn)或IP相機(jī)通過數(shù)據(jù)連接。首先，它很容易安裝，因?yàn)楣╇娫O(shè)施不需安裝單獨(dú)線路。其次，多余設(shè)計或via UPS保護(hù)大大簡化。
This example from practical experience shows that industrial Ethernet is in the process of taking over all other areas of application, beyond traditional industrial applications. Not for nothing is Ethernet the standard protocol for office, industrial and home networks.
從實(shí)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)來看，這個例子說明工業(yè)以太網(wǎng)在其他領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用的過程中，超越了傳統(tǒng)工業(yè)應(yīng)用。以太網(wǎng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不僅僅是辦公室，工業(yè)和家庭網(wǎng)絡(luò)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)協(xié)議。
Further information can be found at:
www.microsens.cn
MICROSENS
fibre optic solutions
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www.microsens.com
